پارسی، ترجمه و ویرایش
نکاتی دربارۀ نگارش فارسی، تایپِ درست و ترجمه (اکبر خرّمی)پارسی، ترجمه و ویرایش
نکاتی دربارۀ نگارش فارسی، تایپِ درست و ترجمه (اکبر خرّمی)ترجمۀ پیشرفته (۲) – متن شمارۀ ۲
ترجمۀ پیشرفته (۲) – متن شمارۀ ۲
یکشنبه، ۲۵ مهر ۹۵
فونت «یاس» را از اینجا دانلود و روی رایانۀ خود نصب کنید تا همه نوشته‌های فارسیِ این وبلاگ را زیباتر ببینید.
ترجمۀ شفاهی در حضور رئیس محترم جمهوری، آقای دکتر روحانی:
For over a century, research on leadership has been able to explain the impact of leadership styles on job effectiveness, productivity, and employee satisfaction in different ways. In this dissertation, the data obtained from 1,925 Turkish police officers in different ages, genders, and ranks was analysed.
Descriptive statistics and several statistical techniques including factor analysis, multiple regression, and multivariate analysis of variance were used for this analysis. This researcher adhering to the “transformational and transactional leadership theory” and using its third generation questionnaire defined latent leadership styles embedded in the Turkish National Police. Having defined them, this researcher examined the impacts of transformational and transactional leadership styles on the effectiveness and satisfaction levels of individuals and organization.
Afterwards, this dissertation also demonstrated whether there is an association between transformational leadership and Emotional Intelligence (EI). Furthermore, this study examined the levels of personal satisfaction or dissatisfaction among the Turkish police officers concerning their superiors.
ترجمۀ پیشرفته (۲) – متن شمارۀ ۱
ترجمۀ پیشرفته (۲) – متن شمارۀ ۱
یکشنبه، ۴ مهر ۹۵
Leslie Mason’s wife had been pretty and now, a middle‑aged woman, was still comely. She was nearly as tall as he, with blue eyes and soft brown hair only just streaked with grey. She was inclined to be stout, but her height enabled her to carry with dignity a corpulence which a strict attention to diet prevented from becoming uncomfortable. She had a broad brow, an open countenance and a diffident smile. Though she got her clothes in Paris, not from one of the fashionable dressmakers but from a little woman round the corner, she never succeeded in looking anything but thoroughly English. She naturalised whatever she wore, and though she occasionally went to the extravagance of getting a hat at Reboux’ she had not sooner put it on her head than it looked as if it had come from Army and Navy Stores. She always looked exactly what she was, an honest woman of the middle class in easy circumstances. She had loved her husband when she married him and she loved him still. With the community of interests that existed between them it was no wonder that they should live in harmony. They had agreed at the beginning of their married life that she knew more about painting than he and that he knew more about music than she, so that in this matters each bowed to the superior judgment of the other.
ترجمۀ مطبوعاتی (۲) – متن شمارۀ ۱
ترجمۀ مطبوعاتی (۲) – متن شمارۀ ۱
یکشنبه، ۴ مهر ۹۵
Backed by Russian air power, Syrian army forces have repelled a large-scale attack by militants on the countryside of the northwestern Syrian city of Aleppo.
The Tuesday counter-strike killed 40 of the attackers, Russia’s Sputnik news agency reported, citing the Russian Ministry of Defense.
Monday marked the last day of a week-long ceasefire in the war-weary Arab country.
The truce had been brokered by Russia and the United States. It ushered in several days of relative calm, including in Aleppo, which has been divided between government forces and militants. Late last week, however, violence began to creep back into the city when a US-led airstrike killed scores of Syrian soldiers who were engaged in fighting against the Takfiri terrorist groups in the eastern parts.
Hours after the expiration of the truce, the UN said one of its convoys carrying aid to the civilians trapped under militant control in Aleppo was hit by an airstrike near the city. The world body said the airstrike destroyed at least 18 of the 31 trucks. It was not immediately clear who was responsible for the strike.
A Syrian opposition group claimed the attack had killed 12 Red Crescent volunteers and drivers.
The United Nations (UN)’s special envoy to Syria, Staffan de Mistura, reacted by saying, “Our outrage at this attack is enormous... the convoy was the outcome of a long process of permission and preparations to assist isolated civilians.”
ترجمۀ متون ساده – متن ۱
ترجمۀ متون ساده – متن شمارۀ ۱
شنبه، ۳ مهر ۹۵
The story of Silicon Valley
It is not made of silicon, and it is not a river valley. Although it is not the place where the first computer was built (that was Manchester, England), Silicon Valley, near San Francisco, was the birthplace of the modern computer industry.
For this, we can say ‘thank you’ to scientists at the universities in California, and to the Hippies of the 1960’s.
When they finished university, many of the best students did not look for jobs with big companies like Ford or Exxon. Instead they wanted to be free and run their own operations and stay in California, not far from San Francisco. Silicon Valley is thus a group of small towns, including Palo Alto and San José, a few miles south of San Francisco.
The high-technology industry was already present around San Francisco. Intel had been founded in 1968, and in the same year the first computer mouse was built at Stamford University. In 1970, Xerox opened a research center in Palo Alto.
Then, in 1976, an electronics student called Steve Jobs started a small computer company in his garage. Very soon, more companies, like Seagate and Google appeared. “Silicon Valley” had arrived.
Today, Silicon Valley is still the home of the computer industry; it is still full of high technology, but it is not the only center for high-tech in the USA. Today here are computer firms all over the USA and all over the world; but Silicon Valley still has the largest concentration of high-tech companies and research centers.
Microsoft, the world's biggest high-tech company, is not based in Silicon Valley. It is further north, near Seattle in the state of Washington.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۹
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۹
یکشنبه، ۹ خرداد ۹۵
کلاس‌های شنبه و یکشنبه (۸ و ۹ خرداد) تشکیل نخواهد شد.
لطفاً به دوستانتان نیز اطلاع دهید.
It is not easy to have faith in the rally in emerging-market currencies that has taken place since February. The ones that have risen most in recent weeks are typically those — the rouble, the real and the rand — that had lost most ground since May 2013, when the emerging-market sell-off began in earnest. What is there to like about Russia, Brazil and South Africa, with their wilting economies and dysfunctional politics?
The causes of the rally are clear. One was the fading of fears for China’s economy. At the start of 2016 capital appeared to be fleeing China at a rapid rate. The yuan seemed in danger of losing its moorings against the dollar, raising fears of a round of competitive devaluations across Asia and beyond. Views changed around the time of the meeting of the G20, a club of big economies, in Shanghai in February. Informal pledges by the Chinese authorities not to let the economy slide were backed up by stimulus policies. Tighter capital controls stemmed the outflows from China. Prices of scorned commodities, such as iron ore, surged at the prospect of Chinese construction. Currencies of raw-material exporters rose too.
A second trigger was a change of heart by the Federal Reserve. In December it raised its main interest rate for the first time in a decade and suggested four further increases were likely in 2016. It has since backed away from these forecasts. Real interest rates have fallen to 0.14%. The dollar has slumped against even rich-world currencies.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۹
کلاس‌های شنبه و یکشنبه (۸ و ۹ خرداد)
تشکیل نخواهد شد.
لطفاً به دوستانتان نیز اطلاع دهید.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۹
Traditional authoritarian regimes, like the old monarchies of Europe, China, and Japan, made little effort to court popularity. The Italian and German fascist parties which gained political power in the 20th century, however, were authoritarian groups that made decisive efforts to cultivate mass support. Although they rejected democracy as their goal, they took full advantage of electoral democracy to build a wide constituency prior to taking power.
Mussolini and Hitler were charismatic orators whose speeches transfixed millions. Their parties proved highly effective at organising parades, rallies and other media events to galvanise a mass following.
Though the Italian and German fascist movements started out in the 1920s with a pronounced working‑class orientation, over time they drew support from farmers, the large middle class, and even the wealthiest strata of the society.
Efforts to mobilise the population, both peaceful and violent, became all the more extensive after the conquest of power. Fascist Italy and Germany were mass mobilisation regimes, resolved to enlist maximum popular support and stifle all opposition. Both regimes organised continuous propaganda campaigns designed to stir up popularity, appealing not only to national pride but also to the darkest anxieties, prejudices, and yearnings for vengeance on the part of the Italian and German populations. They also engineered massive employment programmes and other efforts to improve the economic welfare of large elements of the population. Moreover, they did not hesitate to use violence against real or imagined political opponents, with their secret police, concentration camps, and torture chambers.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۸
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۸
After nearly 35 years of estrangement between Iran and the United States, a short phone call between President Rouhani and President Obama on September 27, 2013 culminated a marathon diplomacy which started a few days earlier at the United Nations.
Although it is too early to speculate about the pace of the rapprochement between Iran and America, what is certain is that with direct talks between the two leaders at the highest level, the first major step toward normalization of relations has been taken. This development will have tremendous effects on the two countries economic cooperation, as well as bringing about peace and stability in the region. The diplomatic contacts are especially important at a time that the region is going through a transitional phase and international efforts are needed to prevent further spread of extremism and terrorism.
The mutual efforts by Iran and the U.S. for economic development plans in Afghanistan and Pakistan could also benefit these two nations who are suffering from terrorism and influence of extremist forces in their countries. However, despite much optimism from both sides the key question is the nuclear issue that lingers more than a decade. The issue has snowballed during the past years by mismanagement and unprofessional diplomacy among other things.
The concerns about Iran's intention can be alleviated when there is benevolence to build trust from both sides. On its part, Iran has expressed its willingness to fully cooperate and to provide sufficient guarantees to not opting for nuclear weapons in the context of a 'win-win' approach in the negotiations.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۸
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۸
Two more European refiners have booked oil cargoes from Iran since sanctions were lifted on Tehran which is ramping up production to regain market share.
A tanker for Italy's IPLOM is sailing back home after loading 1 million barrels of Iranian crude, the Reuters news agency said.
Another vessel for Motor Oil Hellas loaded crude at Iran’s Kharg Island on April 20 and is about to deliver the first post-sanctions cargo to the Greek refiner soon, it added.
France's Total, Spain's Cepsa and Greece's Hellenic Petroleum became the first European companies to book Iranian crude for their refineries this year after the lifting of sanctions.
Others, including Italy's Saras and ENI, have expressed interest in buying.
“Buyers are gradually finding ways to handle the issues with shipping insurance and banking transactions, which in the end are hurdles rather than insurmountable barriers,” Reuters quoted Richard Mallinson, an analyst with Energy Aspects, as saying.
“As more buyers join in we could see flows to Europe increase, which is certainly a goal for Iran,” he added.
In Asia, Iran's key Indian client Essar Oil shipped in 204,500 barrels per day (bpd) of oil from Iran last month, a jump of 66.3% from February, Reuters said.
The private refiner bought no oil from Iran in March 2015 due to sanctions. With the lifting of sanctions, however, Iran's share in overall imports by Essar Oil in the last fiscal year rose to about 37% from about 28% a year earlier.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۷
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۷
The Chairman of Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines, and Agriculture (TTCIMA) said that legal barriers to banking relations between Iran and Russia would be lifted soon.
As reported, Masoud Khansari made the remarks on the sidelines of the economic conference on improvement of trade cooperation between Iran and Russia in Tehran on Tuesday, where a Russian delegation comprised of Russian tradesmen, headed by the Minister of Investment and Development of the Sverdlovsk region of the Russian Federation Alexei Orlov, participated in.
According to the TTCIMA head, Tehran–Moscow trade volume stood at $1.2 billion seven years ago but the figure has fallen recently.
“The recent sharp drop of the Russian Ruble against the dollar has negatively affected mutual trade between the two sides, and Iranian traders are not interested in exporting their products to that destination accordingly,” he said, “Measures are being taken to improve the situation and to increase bilateral trade volume with Russia via removing banking obstacles as well as easing the process of opening credit lines.”
In past November, Iran and Russia held their 12th joint economic committee meeting in Moscow, discussing ways to give a boost to the bilateral trade.
Iranian Communications and Information Technology Minister Mahmoud Va’ezi and Russian Energy Minister Alexander Novak co‑chaired the meeting, in which the two sides drafted a roadmap for increasing the volume of transactions, the IRNA news agency reported.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۷
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۷
یکشنبه، ۵ اردیبهشت ۹۵
Fascism
Historically, fascism is mainly a European phenomenon that emerged between the two world wars. Its most successful manifestations occurred in Italy, where Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party held power from 1922 until 1943, and in Germany, where Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party ruled between 1933 and 1945. Fascist movements also existed in other European countries during the inter‑war period, including France, Hungary, and Romania, but they did not acquire the extraordinary grip on power achieved by their Italian and German counterparts. Fascist‑like movements and groups have also emerged in other parts of the globe up to the present day. The American Nazi Party, neo-Nazi skinheads in Europe, and white-supremacist Afrikaner groups in South Africa are some examples of quasi-fascist or neo-fascist organizations in the contemporary era.
Reduced to its basic elements, fascist ideology consists of the following four points: hypernationalism, racism, totalitarianism, and mass mobilization through propaganda and coercion.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۶
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۶
یکشنبه، ۲۹ فروردین ۹۵
Sometimes, one side in a negotiation refuses to compromise. When this happens, others involved in the negotiation may use diplomatic sanctions. Diplomatic sanctions involve the reduction or removal of all embassy staff from the offending country. Lighter diplomatic sanctions may involve the refusal of a president to visit the offending country or meet with its leaders. Nicaragua cut off all diplomatic relations with Israel, for instance, in 2010. Nicaragua was protesting Israel’s attack on a shipment of aid to the Gaza Strip, part of the Palestinian Authority, with whom Israel has conflict.
Countries may also threaten to use economic sanctions, or penalties. In 2006, many countries agreed not to trade with North Korea in an effort to stop the country from illegally testing nuclear weapons.
Other times, diplomats threaten to use force if a settlement is not reached. In 1990, Iraq invaded the neighbouring country of Kuwait. When Iraq refused to leave Kuwait, the United Nations approved a military response. A coalition fought the Iraqi army, forcing them out of Kuwait.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۶
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۶
یکشنبه، ۲۹ فروردین ۹۵
What Austerity Looks Like Around the World
We’ve noted before that most countries in Europe are engaged in austerity — defined as some mix of spending cuts and tax increases. But what’s the actual mix?
Here’s one helpful graph from the OECD’s latest Economic Outlook. It shows the projected change in the balance of the world’s wealthiest countries between 2013 and 2015.
Some countries, like Italy, are now consolidating their budgets primarily through revenue increases. Others, like Spain and Greece, seem to be relying far more heavily on spending cuts.
Some economic commentators have argued that Europe in particular is relying too heavily on austerity, period. They argue that attempts to tighten the budget during an economic slump will only hurt growth, which in turn makes it even harder for these countries to rein in their debt.
A few conservatives, meanwhile, have suggested that it’s not austerity per se that’s the problem — it’s the type of austerity. In the National Review, Veronique de Rugy argues that many European countries are relying too heavily on tax increases to rein in their deficits. She cites a few economists, including Scott Sumner, who argue that spending cuts combined with more stimuli from the central bank is the way to go.
There are not many countries around the world that have pursued this route, however. Sweden stands out as one country that has cut spending a bit while enjoying a big monetary stimulus from the Riksbank. By contrast, there are plenty of euro zone countries that are leaning very heavily on cuts — especially Portugal, Greece, and Ireland — and they’re still in trouble.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۵
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۵
در یافتنِ معادل اقتصادیِ عبارت‌های آبی‌رنگ دقّت بفرمایـید.
CORPORATE TAX RATES
American politicians talk a lot about tax reform but do nothing about it, which is a pity, because while Americans have been talking, other countries have been doing. Since the late 1980s, top corporate tax rates around the world have dropped so far that America’s, which was once below the international average, is now well above.
As this has happened, American-based multinational companies have shifted more activity offshore; their foreign employment has steadily risen over the past decade as domestic employment has declined. This is mostly because of the appeal of cheap labour and growing markets in the emerging world, but business groups and many economists think America’s tax rate is also to blame. Liberal analysts blame the tax code for a different reason: it allows multinationals to stash income in foreign havens and indefinitely defer taxes on it, encouraging the outsourcing of jobs.
Barack Obama claims to be ready to do something about it. Calling the present tax code “outdated, unfair, and inefficient”, he proposed on February 22nd to lower the top corporate rate to 28% from 35% (including state and local taxes, it would fall to 32.6% from 39.2%). Previous analysis suggests that such a cut would cost more than $700 billion, or 0.4% of GDP, over the next decade.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۵
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۵
یکشنبه، ۱۵ فروردین ۹۵
That representative democracy does not really reflect popular opinion is clear to all who are willing to look at facts rather than engage in philosophical speculation or recite empty slogans. The principal arguments which may be offered to substantiate this view are that (1) voter turnout in democracies is low; (2) the masses of people are poorly informed on issues, and allow experts to rule; and (3) people are easily manipulated to believe what the ruling classes want them to believe.
Voter Turnout: One of the facts of voting behaviour is that there is always a significant proportion of the voting population which does not vote. This is true for the United States, France, Britain, as well as other countries. In the United States, for example, only 55.3 percent of the voting-age population actually voted in the 2004 presidential election. On some referenda, as few as 10 percent of the electorate cast ballots. To be sure, some people do not vote because they are ill or occupied, but many people choose not to vote. Why? Voting behaviour studies show that the people who do not vote are disproportionately composed of the economically poor and relatively uneducated. Many of these people do not vote, because they feel that voting does not mean anything, and they consider themselves powerless to deal with an intensive political system. Clearly the representatives do not reflect popular will. If anything, they reflect the will of the more affluent members of the society.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۴
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۴
۱۶ اسفند ۹۴
The term “separation of powers” was coined by Baron de Montesquieu, an 18th century French social and political philosopher. His publication, Spirit of the Laws, is considered one of the great works in the history of political theory and jurisprudence, and it inspired the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Constitution of the United States. Under his model, the political authority of the state is divided into legislative, executive and judicial powers. He asserted that, to most effectively promote liberty, these three powers must be separate and acting independently.
Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances.
The traditional characterizations of the powers of the branches of American government are:
- The legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government.
- The executive branch is responsible for implementing the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch.
- The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it.
While separation of powers is key to the workings of American government, no democratic system exists with an absolute separation of powers or an absolute lack of separation of powers. Governmental powers and responsibilities intentionally overlap; they are too complex and interrelated to be neatly compartmentalized. As a result, there is an inherent measure of competition and conflict among the branches of government.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۴
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۴
۱۶ اسفند ۹۴
پاراگراف نخست مربوط به هفتۀ گذشته است.
Now anyone who has lived in post-war Britain will observe that there is something familiar about this: rising prices, too low a level of exports, too high a level of imports; surely these are at the heart of our post-war economic problems. If Keynes’s analysis showed us how to prevent unemployment by ensuring that there is enough demand in the economy, why has it not also shown us how to prevent rising prices and balance of payments crises by avoiding too much demand?
Inflation — defined as a sustained increase in the price of goods and services — seems to be inevitable. While rising prices are bad news for consumers inflation can be quite profitable for investors.
Inflation erodes the
value of a nation’s currency. In an inflationary environment, a gallon of
milk that once cost $3 may now cost $4. There are a variety of factors that
influence inflation and arguments about its root cause, but for consumers and
investors, the end result is the same: prices rise. For investors, the key to
making money in an inflationary environment is to hold investments that
increase in value at a rate in excess of the rate of inflation. A number of
investments are historically viewed as hedges against inflation. These include
real estate, gold, oil, and stocks.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۳
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۳
یکشنبه، ۹ اسفند ۹۴
لینک دانلود فونت فارسی یونیکد «یاس»
Majority Rule
Democracy is defined in Webster’s Dictionary as:
“Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them either directly or through their elected agents”.
What is left out of the dictionary definition of democracy is what constitutes “the people.” In practice, democracy is governed by its most popularly understood principle: majority rule. Namely, the side with the most votes wins, whether it is an election, a legislative bill, or a contract proposal to a union. The majority vote decides. Thus, when it is said that “the people have spoken” or the “people’s will should be respected,” the people are generally expressed through its majority.
Democracy Requires Minority Rights
Yet majority rule cannot be the only expression of “supreme power” in a democracy. If so, the majority would easily tyrannize the minority. Thus, while it is clear that democracy must guarantee the expression of the popular will through majority rule, it is equally clear that it must guarantee that the majority will not abuse its power to violate the basic and inalienable rights of the minority. For example, a defining characteristic of democracy must be the people’s right to change the majority through elections. The minority, therefore, must have the right to seek to become the majority and possess all the rights necessary to compete fairly in elections — speech, assembly, association, petition — since otherwise the majority would make itself permanent and become a dictatorship.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۳
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن شمارۀ ۳
یکشنبه، ۹ اسفند ۹۴
لینک دانلود فونت فارسی یونیکد «یاس»
We have seen that if there is too low a level of demand in an economy, the result is unemployment: during the 1920s and 1930s there was too little demand in Britain, and the consequence was prolonged unemployment. But what happens if there is too much demand in an economy? What is the opposite of unemployment? Naturally, Keynes did not devote a great deal of the General Theory to this question, but nevertheless he did answer it quite clearly. What one means by saying that there is too much demand in the economy is, to put it rather loosely, that the economy is already going flat out, with full employment of men and machinery, so that output is at its highest possible level — and that there is then an increase in demand. This increase in demand cannot call forth more output. All it can do is one of two things: either it can pull up the price of the goods and services that are already being produced. Or, in an economy with trades with other countries, it can increase the quantity of goods available — but only by sucking in more imports. In practice, an excessive level of demand will probably result in some of each; there will be some rise in prices, and imports will be higher, and exports lower than they would otherwise have been.
Now anyone who has lived in post-war Britain will observe that there is something familiar about this: rising prices, too low a level of exports, too high a level of imports; surely these are at the heart of our post-war economic problems. If Keynes’s analysis showed us how to prevent unemployment by ensuring that there is enough demand in the economy, why has it not also shown us how to prevent rising prices and balance of payments crises by avoiding too much demand?
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۲
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۲
یکشنبه، ۲ اسفند ۹۴
مطالب زیر را نیز در همین وبلاگ مطالعه نمایید.
- آموزش مصوّر تصحیح کیبورد فارسی
- نرم‌افزار رایگان چینش دلخواه کلیدهای کیبورد
- مشکلات ما ایرانیــان در استفاده از فونت
- انواع خط فاصله (Em dash, En dash, Hyphen)
- نیم‌فاصله یـا فاصلۀ مجازی (zwnj) در تایپ فارسی
- جاسازیِ فونت‌ها در خودِ فایل ورد
- دانلود ۵ دسته فونت فارسی منطبق با استاندارد یونیکد
- غلط‌های تایپی – ۱
Terrorism
Though there is no generally agreed upon definition of “terrorism”, much can be said about what the term has denoted historically and what it has come to mean by the beginning of the twenty‑first century. Its significance for international relations and diplomacy in the contemporary world is beyond dispute. Events of the 1990s and early 2000s have shown terrorism to be one of the major problems confronting the global system in a period of deep and far-reaching transformation.
Terrorism is a form of political violence. It is, more specifically, violence directed against civilians for political purposes. Some authorities — including the United States government — define it as political violence against civilians committed by non-state actors. Others insist that political violence against civilians by states must also be considered a form of terrorism. In this case, the aerial bombardment of cities, most notably in World War II, may be seen as a form of state terrorism.
Historically, the use of “terrorism” dates back to the age of French Revolution. During the Reign of Terror (1793–1794), “terrorism” was employed in an attempt to eliminate “traitors” to the Revolution. The leaders of Reign of Terror thus saw “terrorism” as a way of defending the Revolution’s values of liberty, equality and brotherhood, but the term quickly became associated with the guillotine and state repression. Rather than an instrument for defending liberty, terrorism was the means by which the revolutionary government kept people subservient by keeping them in fear. Many of the most brutal regimes of the twentieth century employed terrorism in a similar manner, including Nazi German, the Soviet Union under Stalin, Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, and Iraq under Saddam Hussein.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۲
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۲
Unemployment
The unemployment rate tells macroeconomists how many people from the available pool of labour (the labour force) are unable to find work.
Macroeconomists have come to agree that when the economy has witnessed growth from period to period, which is indicated in the GDP growth rate, unemployment levels tend to be low. This is because with rising (real) GDP levels, we know that output is higher, and, hence, more labourers are needed to keep up with the greater levels of production.
Inflation
The third main factor that macroeconomists look at is the inflation rate, or the rate at which prices rise. Inflation is primarily measured in two ways: through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the GDP deflator. The CPI gives the current price of a selected basket of goods and services that is updated periodically. The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP.
If nominal GDP is higher than real GDP, we can assume that the prices of goods and services has been rising. Both the CPI and GDP deflator tend to move in the same direction and differ by less than 1%.
Demand and Disposable Income
What ultimately determines output is demand. Demand comes from consumers (for investment or savings, etc.), from the government (spending on goods and services of federal employees), and from imports and exports.
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۱
ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۱
(یکشنبه، ۲۵ بهمن ۹۴)
انواع خط فاصله (Em dash, En dash, Hyphen)
Democracy as an international issue goes far beyond its direct connection to international peace. Where domestic peace has broken down, the international community must be able to assist in its restoration. In this work, democratic governance and the realization of human rights are essential. The United Nations (UN) not only can offer essential help in repairing democratic breakdowns in domestic peace but also must explore democratic principles at the global level.
Democratic Peace
Many associate connections between democracy and international peace with Immanuel Kant, whose essay of 1795, “Perpetual Peace,” argued that “republics” — which meant essentially what today we call liberal or pluralistic democracies — were less likely than other forms of state to go to war with one another. Broadly speaking, the last 200 years have proved him right. During that time there have been many horrible wars, which technology has made ever more destructive. Liberal democracies played a big part in those wars. But almost always they fought as allies. Dynastic states have fought each other throughout history — as have religious states, totalitarian states, and military dictatorships. But liberal democracies have generally found other ways to settle their disputes.
Democratic rulers cannot mobilize their countries for war without convincing most citizens that war is both just and necessary. This means convincing them that vital national interests or principles are involved and that there is no peaceful way to achieve the same objective.
By Annan, Kofi
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۱
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن شمارۀ ۱
(یکشنبه ۲۵ بهمن ۹۴)
When the price of a product you want to buy goes up, it affects you. But why does the price go up? Is the demand greater than the supply? In order to answer these questions, we need to turn to macroeconomics.
What Is It?
Macroeconomics is the study of the behavior of the economy as a whole. This is different from microeconomics, which concentrates more on individuals and how they make economic decisions. Needless to say, macroeconomy is very complicated and there are many factors that influence it. These factors are analyzed with various economic indicators that tell us about the overall health of the economy.
Macroeconomists try to forecast economic conditions to help consumers, firms and governments make better decisions.
- Consumers want to know how easy it will be to find work, how much it will cost to buy goods and services in the market, or how much it may cost to borrow money.
- Businesses use macroeconomic analysis to determine whether expanding production will be welcomed by the market. Will consumers have enough money to buy the products, or will the products sit on shelves and collect dust?
- Governments turn to the macroeconomy when budgeting spending, creating taxes, deciding on interest rates and making policy decisions.
Macroeconomic analysis broadly focuses on three things: national output (measured by gross domestic product (GDP)), unemployment and inflation.
National Output: GDP
Output, the most important concept of macroeconomics, refers to the total amount of goods and services a country produces, commonly known as the gross domestic product. The figure is like a snapshot of the economy at a certain point in time.
When referring to GDP, macroeconomists tend to use real GDP, which takes inflation into account, as opposed to nominal GDP, which reflects only changes in prices. The nominal GDP figure will be higher if inflation goes up from year to year, so it is not necessarily indicative of higher output levels, only of higher prices.
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۱۰
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۱۰
آموزش مصوّر ذخیرۀ فونت‌ها در خودِ فایل وُرد
Hafez (born 1325, died 1389, Shiraz) is one of the finest lyric poets of Persia. He received a classical religious education, and as a court poet, he enjoyed the patronage of several rulers of Shiraz.
About 1368–69 Hafez fell out of favour at the court and did not regain his position until 20 years later, just before his death. In his poetry there are many echoes of historical events as well as biographical descriptions and details of life in Shiraz. One of the guiding principles of his life was Sufism, the Islamic mystical movement that demanded of its adherents complete devotion to the pursuit of union with the ultimate reality.
Hafez’s principal verse form, one that he brought to a perfection never achieved before or since, was the ghazal (or sonnet), a lyric poem of 6 to 15 couplets linked by unity of subject and symbolism rather than by a logical sequence of ideas. Hafez’s achievement was to give the conventional subjects a freshness and subtlety that completely relieves his poetry of tedious formalism. The extraordinary popularity of Hafez’s poetry in all Persian-speaking lands stems from his simple and often colloquial though musical language, free from artificial virtuosity, and his unaffected use of homely images and proverbial expressions. Above all, his poetry is characterized by love of humanity, contempt for hypocrisy, and an ability to relate everyday experience to the mystic’s unending search for union with God.
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۹
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۹
As a village of great antiquity, Abyaneh is like a living architectural and anthropological museum. It presents an impressive model of the man adapting to the environment.
It is located on the north‑western slope of Mount Karkas, 40 kilometres from Natanz, in Esfahan province. It is 2,500 meters above sea‑level. A road links Abyaneh to the main Kashan‑Natanz highway.
Abyaneh is mainly watered by Barzrud River and has a cold climate with numerous springs creating a favourable condition for agriculture.
Given the evidence found in Abyaneh, the village dates back to antiquity, but its golden age was during the Safavid era. It has a compact texture with narrow and steep alleys. Located on the slopes of the mountain, the houses are arranged in a stair-step shape, so that the roofs of some houses are the yards of others. Timbers, straw and clay have been used for building the roofs. The walls, built from red mud bricks are impressive. The mud bricks harden when they are exposed to rain. The houses have been built facing the east to get the maximum sunshine.
An impressive aspect of Abyaneh’s architecture is that the houses are uniform in appearance. The doors, most of which have two knockers, are wooden and built in traditional styles. There are beautiful patterns, poems and the names of the owners and masons carved on some doors.
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۸
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۸
توجّه:
۱- با تلفظ نادرستِ هر واژه دو نمره از نمرۀ نهایی کم خواهد شد!
۲- برای مطالعۀ دیگر مطالبِ وبلاگ، روی عبارت «عناوین مطالب» در منوی بالای وبلاگ کلیک کنید.
۳- اندازۀ فونت باید دست‌کم ۱۶ باشد.
The Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC), also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great, notable for embracing various civilizations and becoming the largest empire of the ancient history, spanning at its maximum extent from the Balkans and Eastern Europe in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. It is equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under a king) and a government working to the profit of its subjects, for building infrastructure such as a postal system and road systems and the use of an official language across its territories and a large professional army and civil services (inspiring similar systems in later empires), and for emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon.
The delegation of power to local governments is thought to have eventually weakened the king's authority, causing resources to be expended in attempts to subdue local rebellions, and leading to the disunity of the region at the time of Alexander the Great's invasion in 334 BC.
Alexander, an avid admirer of Cyrus the Great, would eventually cause the collapse of the empire and its disintegration around 330 BC into what later became the Seleucid Empire, in addition to other minor territories which gained independence at that time.
توجّه: با تلفظ نادرستِ هر واژه دو نمره از نمرۀ نهایی کم خواهد شد!
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۷
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۷
پیش از ترجمه به لینک‌های زیر سر بزنید.
- نیم‌فاصله یـا فاصلۀ مجازی (zwnj) در تایپ فارسی
- آموزش مصوّر تصحیح کیبورد فارسی
- نرم‌افزار رایگان چینش دلخواه کلیدهای کیبورد
- غلط‌های تایپی
- مقایسۀ شکل «ـۀ» فارسی در چند فونت
- تفاوت کاراکترهای فارسی با عربی
- دانلود ۵ دسته فونت فارسی منطبق با استاندارد یونیکد
- جاسازیِ فونت‌ها در خودِ فایل ورد
کلیپ ترجمۀ شفاهی در حضور رئیس مجلس
New Ford is packed with intelligent features
Ford’s new Mondeo will be its first car to offer a new pedestrian detection technology that could help reduce the severity of accidents or help drivers avoid them altogether. The new Pre-Collision Assist with Pedestrian Detection system can identify people in the road ahead, or that could cross the vehicle’s path, and automatically apply the brakes if the driver does not respond to warnings. The system processes information collected from a windshield-mounted camera, and radar located in the bumper, and checks it against a database of ‘pedestrian shapes’ to distinguish people from typical roadside scenery and objects.
Engineers tested the system on closed circuits using life-size dummies. They also spent months testing and refining the system on roads around the world to prove system reliability under real-world conditions. “The real-world testing was crucial. Pedestrians come in all shapes and sizes, and adopt an infinite number of postures,” said Gregor Allexi, active safety engineer for Ford of Europe. “We covered more than 500,000 km (310,700 miles) to make sure that we tested Pedestrian Detection against the widest range of people and situations possible”.
ترجمۀ شفاهی در حضور رئیس محترم جمهور، دکتر روحانی
ترجمۀ شفاهی در حضور رئیس محترم جمهور، دکتر روحانی، در تاریخ چهارشنبه، ۲۰ آبان ۱۳۹۴
مصاحبۀ اختصاصی با خبرنگارانی از روزنامۀ ایتالیایی Corriere della Sera
لینک صفحۀ مصاحبه در بخش آنلاین روزنامه
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۶
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۶
(تاریخ کلاس: ۲۳ و ۲۴ آبان ۹۴)
دانشجویان گرامی، ترجمۀ این متن را حتماً تایپ کنید. به دیگر مطالب وبلاگ دربارۀ «تصحیح کیبورد» و «فونت مناسب» هم مراجعه نمایید.
A new guide has been launched (in 2013) that is aimed at helping local authorities in the UK make use of new technologies, such as big data analysis and cloud computing, in order to revolutionize their local transport systems, while also reducing costs. In the current political and financial environment, where local authorities are increasingly strapped for cash, the guide illustrates how some local authorities have used technology to improve their transport systems while managing, and in some cases reducing, costs. Produced by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and Intelligent Transport Systems UK (ITS-UK), the guide sets out some of the advantages new technologies can bring in solving existing and future transport problems. Examples range from smartphone apps to determine road conditions, to Bluetooth systems that allow transport operators and planners to analyse journeys across multiple transport modes in near real-time. It also discusses some of the important issues when implementing these new solutions, including open standards, security and privacy issues
As travel and transport systems become increasingly based on internet technologies, the guide also outlines potentially dramatic changes in procurement, where traditional methods of ownership and operation can be replaced by systems that rely on cheap communications media, such as cloud-based systems.
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۵
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۵
(تاریخ کلاس: ۱۶ و ۱۷ آبان ۹۴)
نیم‌فاصله یـا فاصلۀ مجازی (zwnj) در تایپ فارسی
فونت «یاس» را از اینجا دانلود و روی رایانۀ خود نصب کنید تا همه نوشته‌های فارسیِ این وبلاگ را زیباتر ببینید.
Way back in 1953, David McClelland, an American management guru for the first time recognized a human trait that he called ‘competence’. Robert White in 1959 and later McLagan, Richard Boyatzis, Signe Spencer and David Ulrich remarkably developed the concept of competencies for the organization’s survival and sustained competitive advantage. In 1973, David McClelland, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University and founder of McBer and Company, wrote a seminal paper: “Testing for Competence Rather than Intelligence”, which created a stir in the field of industrial psychology. McClelland’s research indicated that although traditional academic aptitude and knowledge content tests were good predictors of academic performance, they seldom predicted on‑the‑job performance. It raised questions about the reliability of intelligence tests as a predictor of job success and stated that ‘the correlation between intelligence test scores and job success often may be an artifact, the product of their joint association with class status’. McClelland went on to argue that the best predictors of outstanding on‑the‑job performance were underlying, enduring personal characteristics that he called “competencies”. Since then, McClelland’s findings have been cross‑culturally validated by 30 years of global competency research carried out by McBer and later by the Hay Group. Hence, the history of competency can be traced to the early 1970s, when industrial psychologists and human resource managers were seeking ways to predict job performance.
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۴
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۴
How does one motivate an employee? For decades, organizational behaviourists and industrial psychologists have struggled to answer this question. To most nonacademics, money immediately comes to mind as one possible response. Challenging job tasks, attractive physical work places, and collegial operating environments would also probably find places on most personal lists. On paper, answers such as these appear fairly obvious. Unfortunately, the Internet economy and the inherent opportunities for dramatic personal wealth creation have placed in question the effectiveness of many traditional managerial solutions. Never before has the function of attracting, motivating, and retaining talented individuals taken on such prominence.
Luckily, academics continue to tackle this issue through diverse lenses. One important school of thought contends that a reasonable response may be tied to an understanding of the nature of the firm itself and its boundaries. Theorists working in this paradigm suggest that a sound understanding and prudent use of property rights by managers and directors hold the key to the resolution of this and other important organizational challenges.
The idea of a property right is not new. Indeed, economists have been working with this concept for almost eighty years. A classical definition suggests that a property right is the liberty or permit to enjoy benefits of wealth while assuming the costs which those benefits entail.
فونت «یاس» را از اینجا دانلود و روی رایانۀ خود نصب کنید تا همه نوشته‌های فارسیِ این وبلاگ را زیباتر ببینید.
چند فایل پاورپوینت دربارۀ نظریه‌های ترجمه
فایل فشردۀ پیوست شده دربردارندۀ ۹ فایل پاورپوینت دربارۀ تئوری‌های ترجمه است؛ شاید برای دانشجویانی که خود را آمادۀ آزمون کارشناسی ارشد مترجمی انگلیسی می‌کنند سودمند باشد.
۲۰ مهر: روز بزرگداشت حافظ
بیست مهر روز بزرگداشت حافظ است. آنچه در ادامه می‌خوانید جستاری کوتاه دربارۀ برخی زیبایی‌های شعر حافظ و هنر این «جادوگر زبان پارسی» است. جستار اصلی اندکی طولانی‌تر است و علاقه‌مندان می‌توانند آن را در این لینک مطالعه نمایند.
فونت «یاس» را روی رایانۀ خود نصب کنید تا همه نوشته‌های فارسیِ این وبلاگ را زیباتر ببینید.
خواجۀ شیراز آنقدر نزد اهل هنر و حتی مردم کوچه و بازار معروف است که نیازی به شرح حال نوشتن بر ایشان نیست. کیست که یک یا چند غزل از خواجه را در حافظه نداشته باشد. او استاد غزل است و به غزل بیش از دیگران توجه داشته است، به‌گونه‌ای که این قالب را به استخدام موضوعات گوناگون درآورده است. مثلاً برای مدح «شاه شجاع» و «شیخ ابو اسحاق» مثل پیشینیانش قصیده نگفت و با غزل مدحشان کرد. حتی با غزل مرثیه گفت و به‌راستی می‌شود او را نامی‌ترین غزل‌سُرای ادب پارسی نامید. از طرفی مضامین مختلف را در هم آمیخت؛ در یک غزل حافظ می‌توان ابیات عارفانه، عاشقانه، مدح، مرثیه و حتی فلسفی و حکمت‌آمیز پیدا کرد. خیلی‌ها گشته‌اند دنبال اینکه ببینند رمز این همه موفقیت چیست و به خیلی نتیجه‌ها رسیده‌اند. من هم در این زمینه نظری دارم.
نخستین دلیل اقبال عمومی به شعر حافظ این است که هر کس از یک غزل یا بیت یا حتی مصرعِ واحد برداشت‌های مختلف و در برخی موارد متناقضی خواهد داشت و هر کسی از ظن خود با خواجۀ بزرگوار یار می‌شود. بی‌شک بافتی که واژه‌ها را در هم تنیده است نیز در محبوبیت غزل حافظ به اندازۀ کافی تأثیر داشته است. در اشعار خواجه، واژگان در یک بیت با آرایه‌های مختلفِ بدیع و بیان به هم مربوط می‌شوند و کشف این ارتباط‌ها به خواننده لذتی می‌دهد که بسیار شیرین است. مثلاً در بیت:
اگر به زلفِ دراز تو دستِ ما نرسد
گناهِ بختِ پریشان و دستِ کوتهِ ماست
تقابل اصلی میان زلف دراز و دست کوتاه است اما پریشانی بخت که عامل کوتاهی دست است هم با زلف معشوق بی‌ربط نیست. یا بعضی مواقع از این هم جالب‌تر می‌شود. مثلاً می‌گوید:
چون پیالۀ دلم از توبه که کردم بشکست
حرف اصلی این است که به علت توبۀ بیجا دلم مانند پیاله شکست. جدا از اینکه پیاله به توبه ربط دارد و دل و پیاله هر دو به شکستن، خود توبه هم شکستنی است یعنی رشته‌ای توبه را به دل و پیاله متصل می‌کند. به این معنی که رسیدم گمان کردم دیگر تمام زیبایی مصرع را درک کرده‌ام اما وقتی با دوست شاعرم آقای عباسی دربارۀ همین مصرع صحبت کردم، او مرا متوجهِ نکتۀ ظریف دیگری کرد و آن این که هنگام توبه کردن از می رایج است که پیاله بر زمین زنند و بشکنند. نکتۀ جالب همین است که وقتی فکر می‌کنی تمام ظرایف یک بیت حافظ را دریافته‌ای، ناگاه با کشف ظرافت دیگری غافلگیر می‌شوی و این از معجزات خواجۀ شیراز است.
از دیگر نقاط قوّت شهر حافظ واژه‌آرایی است که دوست عزیزم در تحقیقی به نام «حافظ، استاد واژه‌آرایی» به آن پرداخته‌اند و واژه‌آرایی را در غزلی با مطلع «شاه شمشادقدان خسروِ شیرین‌دهنان / که به مژگان شکند قلب همه صف‌شکنان» بررسی کرده‌اند.
از دیگر محاسن شعر حافظ، موسیقیِ درونی آن است که علاوه بر واژه‌آرایی، به علت جناس‌های زیبا و استفاده از قافیه‌های درونی پدید می‌آید، مانند بیت زیر که در غزلی است که همۀ ابیاتِ آن قافیۀ درونی دارد:
چون من گدایی بی‌نشان مشکل بوَد عیشی چنان
سلطان کجا عیشِ نهان با رندِ بازاری کند؟
فونت «یاس» را روی رایانۀ خود نصب کنید تا همه نوشته‌های فارسیِ این وبلاگ را زیباتر ببینید.
[این جُستار بخشی کوتاه از نوشته‌ای طولانی‌تر است.]
***
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۳
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۳
-----------------------
فونت «یاس» را از اینجا
دانلود و روی رایانۀ خود
نصب کنید تا همه نوشته‌های فارسیِ این وبلاگ را زیباتر ببینید.
For over a century, research on leadership has been able to explain the impact of leadership styles on job effectiveness, productivity, and employee satisfaction in different ways. In this dissertation, the data obtained from 1,925 Turkish police officers in different ages, genders, and ranks was analysed. Descriptive statistics and several statistical techniques including factor analysis, multiple regression, and multivariate analysis of variance were used for this analysis. This researcher adhering to the transformational and transactional leadership theory and using its third generation questionnaire defined latent leadership styles embedded in the Turkish National Police. Having defined them, this researcher examined the impacts of transformational and transactional leadership styles on the effectiveness and satisfaction levels of individuals and organization.
Afterwards, this dissertation also demonstrated whether there is an association between transformational leadership and Emotional Intelligence (EI). Furthermore, this study examined the levels of personal satisfaction or dissatisfaction among the Turkish police officers concerning their superiors, especially in terms of their leadership styles and demographic features such as gender, age, region, education, and experience (the length of service). This examination demonstrated how factors, such as gender, age, experience, and education contributed to police leadership styles in Turkey.
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۲
چهارشنبه ۳۰ سپتامبر، روز جهانی ترجمه، گرامی باد!
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۲
فونت «یاس» را روی رایانۀ خود نصب کنید تا همه نوشته‌های فارسیِ این وبلاگ را زیباتر ببینید.
کودک در زندگی روزمره باید بتواند خود را به شیوه‌ای از نگرانی‌ها و ناراحتی‌های ناشی از فشارهای محیطی بپالاید. بازی با فرصت‌هایی که برای بُـروز عواطف فراهم می‌کند نقش پالایندۀ روانی را برای وی دارد. بسیاری از تمایلات و نیازهایی که در زندگیِ روزمرۀ کودک برآورده نمی‌شود در بازی ارضا می‌شود؛ بدین ترتیب، از شدت ناکامی‌های وی کاسته می‌شود. اضطراب نوعی احساس تعمیم‌یافتۀ بسیار ناخوشایند و اغلب مبهم است که با یک یا چند احساس جسمی مانند تپش قلب، تعریق، سردرد، بیقراری، تکرّر ادرار و... همراه باشد.
اضطراب در کودکان متداول و معمولاً همراه با ترس است. اضطراب کودکان غالباً واکنشی خودآگاه یا ناخودآگاه به ناراحتی‌هایی است که در خانواده رخ می‌دهد. اضطراب در کودکان بعد از مرگِ یکی از اعضای خانواده، عمل جراحی، بیهوشی، مردود شدن در امتحان، یا تجربه‌های تلخ ناشی از والدین مضطرب به وجود می‌آید. اضطراب به از کار افتادگی شدید کودک منجر می‌شود که در بدترین حالت به شکل دوری گزینی کودک از فعالیت‌هایی مانند مدرسه رفتن، برقراری تماس و رابط با همسالان و فعالیتهای مستقل بروز می‌کند. اجتماعی شدن فرایندی است که کودکان به کمک آن ارزشها، اعتقادات و معیارهای رفتاری‌ای را که فرهنگشان از آنان انتظار دارد می‌آموزند.
چهارشنبه ۳۰ سپتامبر، روز جهانی ترجمه، گرامی باد!
جاسازیِ فونت‌ها در خودِ فایل ورد
آموزش ذخیرۀ فونت‌ها در خودِ فایل وُرد
آیا تاکنون برایتان پیش آمده که مطلبی را در «ورد» تایپ کنید، فونت زیبایی هم برایش انتخاب نمایید، روی حافظۀ فلش ذخیره کنید و برای پرینت گرفتن به یک خدمات کامپیوتری در خیابان مراجعه نمایید، اما پرینت نهایی دارای فونتی زشت باشد؟
خوب، یک ترفند ساده در خودِ نرم‌افزار وُرد هست که به شما امکان می‌دهد فونت‌های دلخواهتان را که در فایل از آن استفاده کرده‌اید در خودِ همان فایل جاسازی کنید و مشکل فوق رخ ندهد.
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همیشه فونت‌های استاندارد و زیبا را در نوشته‌هایمان به کار ببریم.
مطالب زیر را نیز در همین وبلاگ مشاهده بفرمایـیـد:
آموزش مصوّر تصحیح کیبورد فارسی
مشکلات ما ایرانیــان در استفاده از فونت
مقایسۀ شکل «ـۀ» فارسی در چند فونت
نرم‌افزار رایگان چینش دلخواه کلیدهای کیبورد
تفاوت کاراکترهای فارسی با عربی
دانلود ۵ دسته فونت فارسی منطبق با استاندارد یونیکد
انواع خط فاصله (Em dash, En dash, Hyphen)
نیم‌فاصله یـا فاصلۀ مجازی (zwnj) در تایپ فارسی
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۱
ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۱
دانشجویان گرامی، متن زیر را در دو نسخه و با رعایت نکات نگارشی و نشانه‌های سجاوندی ترجمه نمایید.
The appropriate definition of “cultural goods” or “artistic goods” is far from obvious. On the one hand, there may be common underlying or interconnecting phenomena that lend themselves to definition of a range of commodities reasonably called “cultural” or “artistic”. On the other hand, not everything can be stuffed into the definition. Some associations have to be left for empirical demonstration and some may simply be fallacious. It may be that common usage is inconsistent, so that no definition can account for all of it, or a definition intended to correspond to common usage might be so broad and consequently so vague as to be useless. A definition must be definite. It seems fair to say that we have no definitions for cultural or artistic goods that are authoritative in either of Malthus’ first two senses, so a definition of these categories of goods will have to be justified by “facilitating the explanation and improvement of the science”.
For the “improvement of the science”, empirical reliability is one important criterion of success, but coherence is also important. Like value, coherence is “not just some vague laudatory term”. A discourse is coherent if it is consistent with (though not necessarily deducible from) a compact set of fundamental propositions. One way to show that a discourse is coherent is to display the set of fundamental propositions and show that other propositions in the discourse are deducible from the fundamental set, with a few auxiliary assumptions that may vary from case to case.
دیگر مطالب سودمندی که توصیه می‌شود در همین وبلاگ مطالعه نمایید.
مشکلات ما ایرانیــان در استفاده از فونت
مقایسۀ شکل «ـۀ» فارسی در چند فونت
آموزش مصوّر تصحیح کیبورد فارسیتفاوت کاراکترهای فارسی با عربی
دانلود ۵ دسته فونت فارسی منطبق با استاندارد یونیکد
انواع خط فاصله (Em dash, En dash, Hyphen)
نیم‌فاصله یـا فاصلۀ مجازی (zwnj) در تایپ فارسی
دانلود کتاب «چنین کنند بزرگان»، ترجمۀ نجف دریابندری
دانلود کتاب «چنین کنند بزرگان»، ترجمۀ نجف دریابندری
«چُنین کنند بزرگان» کتابی است که گوشه‌هایی از تاریخِ جهان را به زبان طنز و با تغییراتِ بسیار بیان می‌کند. مترجم این کتاب آقای نجف دریابندری است.
این کتابِ خواندنی را می‌توانید از اینجا دانلود کنید.
دانلود کتاب «چنین کنند بزرگان»، ترجمۀ نجف دریابندری
دانلود کتاب «چنین کنند بزرگان»، ترجمۀ نجف دریابندری
«چُنین کنند بزرگان» کتابی است که گوشه‌هایی از تاریخِ جهان را به زبان طنز و با تغییراتِ بسیار بیان می‌کند. مترجم این کتاب آقای نجف دریابندری است.
این کتابِ خواندنی را می‌توانید از اینجا دانلود کنید.
نمونه سؤالات درس «مبانی نظری ترجمه»
دانشجویان گرامی درس «مبانی نظری ترجمه»،
یکی از منابع این درس کتابِ Translation نوشتۀ Juliane House است.
فصل ۱ و ۳ این کتاب را باید برای امتحان مطالعه بفرمایـیـد.
پرسش‌های زیر نمونه سؤالاتی از این دو فصل است:
Chapter 1
1. What are the three types of translation as put forward by Roman Jakobson? (intralingual, interlingual, intersemiotic)
2. Explain the concept of “double-bind relationship” as proposed by House.
3. Mention four differences between interpretation and written translation.
4. What is machine translation? Explain.
Chapter 3
1. What are the two types of equivalence as proposed by Catford?
2. Briefly explain the two types of equivalence suggested by Nida.
3. What is tertium comparationis?
4. Briefly explain the five equivalence frameworks put forward by Werner Koller.
5. Does ‘equivalence’ in translation studies mean ‘sameness’? Elaborate.
6. What are ‘overt’ and ‘covert’ translation according to House?
7. Explain ‘cultural filter’ in translation.
8. Does the Whorfian hypothesis encourage or hinder the possibility of ranslation?
9. Despite the validity of the principle of translatability, it has some limits; briefly explain three of them.
نمونه سؤالات درس «مبانی نظری ترجمه»
نمونه سؤالات درس «مبانی نظری ترجمه»
کتابِ Translation: An Advanced Resource Book
درس‌های ۵ و ۶
Unit 5:
1. Nida introduced two types of meaning. Name and explain them.
2. What does ‘polysemy’ mean? Give two examples.
3. Explain ‘hierarchical structuring’ in the analysis of meaning.
4. What is the difference between ‘superordinate’ and ‘hyponym’?
5. Explain “componential analysis” with two examples.
Unit 6:
1. Explain ‘formal equivalence’ as proposed by Nida.
2. Explain ‘dynamic equivalence’ as proposed by Nida.
3. What are the essential elements in dynamic equivalence? Name at least three items.
4. Nida does not believe that literal translation is the same as formal translation; explain this difference.
5. What does the concept of 'adjustment' mean in terms of dynamic equivalence?
6. Nida proposed a three-stage translation process; briefly explain this process.
7. What are kernel sentences?
8. What was the name of Nida’s mother-in-law?
درس‌های ۱، ۲، ۳، و ۴:
Unit1:
Roman Jakobson proposed three types of translation; name them and define one of them.
James S. Holmes divided the field of Translation Studies into two subfields; name them and explain one only.
What is ‘interference’ in translation?
What are ‘universals of translation’? Give two examples.
‘Translation Studies’ is an interdiscipline; what does it mean?
Unit 2:
Explain how attention to sense versus form influences the type and nature of translation.
What is ‘translationese’?
What is ‘translatorese’ as proposed by Newmark?
What are differences between literal and free translation?
Briefly explain the concept of ‘comprehensibility’ in translation.
Unit 3:
Briefly explain the concept of ‘unit of translation’.
What are the components of linguistic sign as proposed by Saussure? Give an example.
Unit 4:
Briefly explain the concepts of ‘langue’ and ‘parole’ as proposed by Saussure.
What is ‘formal correspondence’?
What is the differences between formal correspondence and textual equivalence?
What is translation shift?
Explain the concepts of loss and gain in translation via an example.