ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۹

کلاس‌های شنبه و یکشنبه (۸ و ۹ خرداد) تشکیل نخواهد شد.
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ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۹

 

Traditional authoritarian regimes, like the old monarchies of Europe, China, and Japan, made little effort to court popularity. The Italian and German fascist parties which gained political power in the 20^th century, however, were authoritarian groups that made decisive efforts to cultivate mass support. Although they rejected democracy as their goal, they took full advantage of electoral democracy to build a wide constituency prior to taking power.

Mussolini and Hitler were charismatic orators whose speeches transfixed millions. Their parties proved highly effective at organising parades, rallies and other media events to galvanise a mass following.

Though the Italian and German fascist movements started out in the 1920s with a pronounced working‑class orientation, over time they drew support from farmers, the large middle class, and even the wealthiest strata of the society.

Efforts to mobilise the population, both peaceful and violent, became all the more extensive after the conquest of power. Fascist Italy and Germany were mass mobilisation regimes, resolved to enlist maximum popular support and stifle all opposition. Both regimes organised continuous propaganda campaigns designed to stir up popularity, appealing not only to national pride but also to the darkest anxieties, prejudices, and yearnings for vengeance on the part of the Italian and German populations. They also engineered massive employment programmes and other efforts to improve the economic welfare of large elements of the population. Moreover, they did not hesitate to use violence against real or imagined political opponents, with their secret police, concentration camps, and torture chambers.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۸

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۸

After nearly 35 years of estrangement between Iran and the United States, a short phone call between President Rouhani and President Obama on September 27, 2013 culminated a marathon diplomacy which started a few days earlier at the United Nations.

Although it is too early to speculate about the pace of the rapprochement between Iran and America, what is certain is that with direct talks between the two leaders at the highest level, the first major step toward normalization of relations has been taken. This development will have tremendous effects on the two countries economic cooperation, as well as bringing about peace and stability in the region. The diplomatic contacts are especially important at a time that the region is going through a transitional phase and international efforts are needed to prevent further spread of extremism and terrorism.

The mutual efforts by Iran and the U.S. for economic development plans in Afghanistan and Pakistan could also benefit these two nations who are suffering from terrorism and influence of extremist forces in their countries. However, despite much optimism from both sides the key question is the nuclear issue that lingers more than a decade. The issue has snowballed during the past years by mismanagement and unprofessional diplomacy among other things.

The concerns about Iran's intention can be alleviated when there is benevolence to build trust from both sides.  On its part, Iran has expressed its willingness to fully cooperate and to provide sufficient guarantees to not opting for nuclear weapons in the context of a 'win-win' approach in the negotiations.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۷

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۷

یکشنبه،  ۵ اردیبهشت ۹۵

Fascism

Historically, fascism is mainly a European phenomenon that emerged between the two world wars. Its most successful manifestations occurred in Italy, where Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party held power from 1922 until 1943, and in Germany, where Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party ruled between 1933 and 1945. Fascist movements also existed in other European countries during the inter‑war period, including France, Hungary, and Romania, but they did not acquire the extraordinary grip on power achieved by their Italian and German counterparts. Fascist‑like movements and groups have also emerged in other parts of the globe up to the present day. The American Nazi Party, neo-Nazi skinheads in Europe, and white-supremacist Afrikaner groups in South Africa are some examples of quasi-fascist or neo­-fascist organizations in the contemporary era.

Reduced to its basic elements, fascist ideology consists of the following four points: hypernationalism, racism, totalitarianism, and mass mobilization through propaganda and coercion.

Hypernationalism is an extreme version of nationalism which forms the root of fascism. Nationalism is the notion that the members of one’s nation must act together to achieve certain collective goals. In its fascist variant, the concept of nation is exalted to the rank of a supreme political value. For the fascists, the concept of nationalism is far more intense than patriotism, which means love of one’s country. National glory and self‑assertion assume the highest priority on the political agenda of most fascist movements. Mussolini was determined to establish an Italian empire through the conquest of Ethiopia in 1936 and other territorial acquisitions during World War II.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۶

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۶

یکشنبه، ۲۹ فروردین ۹۵

Diplomacy is accomplished by negotiation, or bargaining. Usually, each group in a negotiation will ask for more than they expect to get. They then compromise, or give up some of what they want, in order to come to an agreement. Often, an outside diplomat will help with the negotiations. For example, Martti Ahtisaari, a Finnish diplomat working for the UN, helped Namibia gain independence from South Africa in 1990.

Sometimes, one side in a negotiation refuses to compromise. When this happens, others involved in the negotiation may use diplomatic sanctions. Diplomatic sanctions involve the reduction or removal of all embassy staff from the offending country. Lighter diplomatic sanctions may involve the refusal of a president to visit the offending country or meet with its leaders. Nicaragua cut off all diplomatic relations with Israel, for instance, in 2010. Nicaragua was protesting Israel’s attack on a shipment of aid to the Gaza Strip, part of the Palestinian Authority, with whom Israel has conflict.

Countries may also threaten to use economic sanctions, or penalties. In 2006, many countries agreed not to trade with North Korea in an effort to stop the country from illegally testing nuclear weapons.

Other times, diplomats threaten to use force if a settlement is not reached. In 1990, Iraq invaded the neighbouring country of Kuwait. When Iraq refused to leave Kuwait, the United Nations approved a military response. A coalition fought the Iraqi army, forcing them out of Kuwait.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۵

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۵

یکشنبه، ۱۵ فروردین ۹۵

That representative democracy does not really reflect popular opinion is clear to all who are willing to look at facts rather than engage in philosophical speculation or recite empty slogans. The principal arguments which may be offered to substantiate this view are that (1) voter turnout in democracies is low; (2) the masses of people are poorly informed on issues, and allow experts to rule; and (3) people are easily manipulated to believe what the ruling classes want them to believe.

Voter Turnout: One of the facts of voting behaviour is that there is always a significant proportion of the voting population which does not vote. This is true for the United States, France, Britain, as well as other countries. In the United States, for example, only 55.3 percent of the voting-age population actually voted in the 2004 presidential election. On some referenda, as few as 10 percent of the electorate cast ballots. To be sure, some people do not vote because they are ill or occupied, but many people choose not to vote. Why? Voting behaviour studies show that the people who do not vote are disproportionately composed of the economically poor and relatively uneducated. Many of these people do not vote, because they feel that voting does not mean anything, and they consider themselves powerless to deal with an intensive political system. Clearly the representatives do not reflect popular will. If anything, they reflect the will of the more affluent members of the society.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۴

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۴

۱۶ اسفند ۹۴

برخی از مطالب مهم این وبلاگ

The term “separation of powers” was coined by Baron de Montesquieu, an 18^th century French social and political philosopher. His publication, Spirit of the Laws, is considered one of the great works in the history of political theory and jurisprudence, and it inspired the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Constitution of the United States. Under his model, the political authority of the state is divided into legislative, executive and judicial powers. He asserted that, to most effectively promote liberty, these three powers must be separate and acting independently. 

Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.  The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances.  

The traditional characterizations of the powers of the branches of American government are:

• The legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government.
• The executive branch is responsible for implementing the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch. 
• The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it.

While separation of powers is key to the workings of American government, no democratic system exists with an absolute separation of powers or an absolute lack of separation of powers. Governmental powers and responsibilities intentionally overlap; they are too complex and interrelated to be neatly compartmentalized. As a result, there is an inherent measure of competition and conflict among the branches of government.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۳

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۳

یکشنبه، ۹ اسفند ۹۴

لینک دانلود فونت فارسی یونیکد «یاس»

Majority Rule

Democracy is defined in Webster’s Dictionary as:

“Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them either directly or through their elected agents”.

What is left out of the dictionary definition of democracy is what constitutes “the people.” In practice, democracy is governed by its most popularly understood principle: majority rule. Namely, the side with the most votes wins, whether it is an election, a legislative bill, or a contract proposal to a union. The majority vote decides. Thus, when it is said that “the people have spoken” or the “people’s will should be respected,” the people are generally expressed through its majority.

Democracy Requires Minority Rights

Yet majority rule cannot be the only expression of “supreme power” in a democracy. If so, the majority would easily tyrannize the minority. Thus, while it is clear that democracy must guarantee the expression of the popular will through majority rule, it is equally clear that it must guarantee that the majority will not abuse its power to violate the basic and inalienable rights of the minority. For example, a defining characteristic of democracy must be the people’s right to change the majority through elections. The minority, therefore, must have the right to seek to become the majority and possess all the rights necessary to compete fairly in elections — speech, assembly, association, petition — since otherwise the majority would make itself permanent and become a dictatorship.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۲

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۲

یکشنبه، ۲ اسفند ۹۴

مطالب زیر را نیز در همین وبلاگ مطالعه نمایید.

• آموزش مصوّر تصحیح کیبورد فارسی
• نرم‌افزار رایگان چینش دلخواه کلیدهای کیبورد
• مشکلات ما ایرانیــان در استفاده از فونت
• انواع خط فاصله (Em dash, En dash, Hyphen)
• نیم‌فاصله یـا فاصلۀ مجازی (zwnj) در تایپ فارسی
• جاسازیِ فونت‌ها در خودِ فایل ورد
• دانلود ۵ دسته فونت فارسی منطبق با استاندارد یونیکد
• غلط‌های تایپی – ۱

Terrorism

Though there is no generally agreed upon definition of “terrorism”, much can be said about what the term has denoted historically and what it has come to mean by the beginning of the twenty‑first century. Its significance for international relations and diplomacy in the contemporary world is beyond dispute. Events of the 1990s and early 2000s have shown terrorism to be one of the major problems confronting the global system in a period of deep and far-reaching transformation.

Terrorism is a form of political violence. It is, more specifically, violence directed against civilians for political purposes. Some authorities — including the United States government — define it as political violence against civilians committed by non-state actors. Others insist that political violence against civilians by states must also be considered a form of terrorism. In this case, the aerial bombardment of cities, most notably in World War II, may be seen as a form of state terrorism.

Historically, the use of “terrorism” dates back to the age of French Revolution. During the Reign of Terror (1793–1794), “terrorism” was employed in an attempt to eliminate “traitors” to the Revolution. The leaders of Reign of Terror thus saw “terrorism” as a way of defending the Revolution’s values of liberty, equality and brotherhood, but the term quickly became associated with the guillotine and state repression. Rather than an instrument for defending liberty, terrorism was the means by which the revolutionary government kept people subservient by keeping them in fear. Many of the most brutal regimes of the twentieth century employed terrorism in a similar manner, including Nazi German, the Soviet Union under Stalin, Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, and Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۱

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۱

(یکشنبه، ۲۵ بهمن ۹۴)

انواع خط فاصله (Em dash, En dash, Hyphen)

Democracy as an international issue goes far beyond its direct connection to international peace. Where domestic peace has broken down, the international community must be able to assist in its restoration. In this work, democratic governance and the realization of human rights are essential. The United Nations (UN) not only can offer essential help in repairing democratic breakdowns in domestic peace but also must explore democratic principles at the global level.

Democratic Peace

Many associate connections between democracy and international peace with Immanuel Kant, whose essay of 1795, “Perpetual Peace,” argued that “republics” — which meant essentially what today we call liberal or pluralistic democracies — were less likely than other forms of state to go to war with one another. Broadly speaking, the last 200 years have proved him right. During that time there have been many horrible wars, which technology has made ever more destructive. Liberal democracies played a big part in those wars. But almost always they fought as allies. Dynastic states have fought each other throughout history — as have religious states, totalitarian states, and military dictatorships. But liberal democracies have generally found other ways to settle their disputes.

Democratic rulers cannot mobilize their countries for war without convincing most citizens that war is both just and necessary. This means convincing them that vital national interests or principles are involved and that there is no peaceful way to achieve the same objective.

By Annan, Kofi

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۸

ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۸

۲۷ اردیبهشت ۹۴

این هم ویدیوی ترجمۀ شفاهیِ من در حضور رئیس مجلس:

What is Foreign Policy?

A country's foreign policy consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its own goals through relations with other countries. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries.

In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, states also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in an attempt to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. National interest accomplishments can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations or through exploitation.

Elements of Foreign Policy

Foreign policy is designed to protect the national interests of the state. Modern foreign policy has become quite complex. In the past, foreign policy may have concerned itself primarily with policies solely related to national interest--for example, military power or treaties. Currently, foreign policy encompasses trade, finance, human rights, environmental, and cultural issues. All of these issues, in some way, impact how countries interact with one another and how they pursue their national interests worldwide.

Who Is in Charge of Foreign Policy?

Usually, creating foreign policy is designated to the head of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). In some countries the legislature also has considerable oversight.

In the United States, foreign policy is made and carried out by the executive branch, particularly the president, with the national security adviser, the State Department, the Defense Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and the intelligence agencies. The National Security Act of 1947 and recent bureaucratic reorganization after 9/11 reshaped the structure of foreign policy making.

دانشجویان گرامی، لطفاً در صورت تمایل، در نظرسنجی (سمت چپ وبلاگ) شرکت نمایـیـد.