پارسی، ترجمه و ویرایش
نکاتی دربارۀ نگارش فارسی، تایپِ درست و ترجمه (اکبر خرّمی)پارسی، ترجمه و ویرایش
نکاتی دربارۀ نگارش فارسی، تایپِ درست و ترجمه (اکبر خرّمی)ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۹
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۹
یکشنبه، ۹ خرداد ۹۵
کلاس‌های شنبه و یکشنبه (۸ و ۹ خرداد) تشکیل نخواهد شد.
لطفاً به دوستانتان نیز اطلاع دهید.
It is not easy to have faith in the rally in emerging-market currencies that has taken place since February. The ones that have risen most in recent weeks are typically those — the rouble, the real and the rand — that had lost most ground since May 2013, when the emerging-market sell-off began in earnest. What is there to like about Russia, Brazil and South Africa, with their wilting economies and dysfunctional politics?
The causes of the rally are clear. One was the fading of fears for China’s economy. At the start of 2016 capital appeared to be fleeing China at a rapid rate. The yuan seemed in danger of losing its moorings against the dollar, raising fears of a round of competitive devaluations across Asia and beyond. Views changed around the time of the meeting of the G20, a club of big economies, in Shanghai in February. Informal pledges by the Chinese authorities not to let the economy slide were backed up by stimulus policies. Tighter capital controls stemmed the outflows from China. Prices of scorned commodities, such as iron ore, surged at the prospect of Chinese construction. Currencies of raw-material exporters rose too.
A second trigger was a change of heart by the Federal Reserve. In December it raised its main interest rate for the first time in a decade and suggested four further increases were likely in 2016. It has since backed away from these forecasts. Real interest rates have fallen to 0.14%. The dollar has slumped against even rich-world currencies.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۸
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۸
Two more European refiners have booked oil cargoes from Iran since sanctions were lifted on Tehran which is ramping up production to regain market share.
A tanker for Italy's IPLOM is sailing back home after loading 1 million barrels of Iranian crude, the Reuters news agency said.
Another vessel for Motor Oil Hellas loaded crude at Iran’s Kharg Island on April 20 and is about to deliver the first post-sanctions cargo to the Greek refiner soon, it added.
France's Total, Spain's Cepsa and Greece's Hellenic Petroleum became the first European companies to book Iranian crude for their refineries this year after the lifting of sanctions.
Others, including Italy's Saras and ENI, have expressed interest in buying.
“Buyers are gradually finding ways to handle the issues with shipping insurance and banking transactions, which in the end are hurdles rather than insurmountable barriers,” Reuters quoted Richard Mallinson, an analyst with Energy Aspects, as saying.
“As more buyers join in we could see flows to Europe increase, which is certainly a goal for Iran,” he added.
In Asia, Iran's key Indian client Essar Oil shipped in 204,500 barrels per day (bpd) of oil from Iran last month, a jump of 66.3% from February, Reuters said.
The private refiner bought no oil from Iran in March 2015 due to sanctions. With the lifting of sanctions, however, Iran's share in overall imports by Essar Oil in the last fiscal year rose to about 37% from about 28% a year earlier.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۷
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۷
The Chairman of Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines, and Agriculture (TTCIMA) said that legal barriers to banking relations between Iran and Russia would be lifted soon.
As reported, Masoud Khansari made the remarks on the sidelines of the economic conference on improvement of trade cooperation between Iran and Russia in Tehran on Tuesday, where a Russian delegation comprised of Russian tradesmen, headed by the Minister of Investment and Development of the Sverdlovsk region of the Russian Federation Alexei Orlov, participated in.
According to the TTCIMA head, Tehran–Moscow trade volume stood at $1.2 billion seven years ago but the figure has fallen recently.
“The recent sharp drop of the Russian Ruble against the dollar has negatively affected mutual trade between the two sides, and Iranian traders are not interested in exporting their products to that destination accordingly,” he said, “Measures are being taken to improve the situation and to increase bilateral trade volume with Russia via removing banking obstacles as well as easing the process of opening credit lines.”
In past November, Iran and Russia held their 12th joint economic committee meeting in Moscow, discussing ways to give a boost to the bilateral trade.
Iranian Communications and Information Technology Minister Mahmoud Va’ezi and Russian Energy Minister Alexander Novak co‑chaired the meeting, in which the two sides drafted a roadmap for increasing the volume of transactions, the IRNA news agency reported.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۶
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۶
یکشنبه، ۲۹ فروردین ۹۵
What Austerity Looks Like Around the World
We’ve noted before that most countries in Europe are engaged in austerity — defined as some mix of spending cuts and tax increases. But what’s the actual mix?
Here’s one helpful graph from the OECD’s latest Economic Outlook. It shows the projected change in the balance of the world’s wealthiest countries between 2013 and 2015.
Some countries, like Italy, are now consolidating their budgets primarily through revenue increases. Others, like Spain and Greece, seem to be relying far more heavily on spending cuts.
Some economic commentators have argued that Europe in particular is relying too heavily on austerity, period. They argue that attempts to tighten the budget during an economic slump will only hurt growth, which in turn makes it even harder for these countries to rein in their debt.
A few conservatives, meanwhile, have suggested that it’s not austerity per se that’s the problem — it’s the type of austerity. In the National Review, Veronique de Rugy argues that many European countries are relying too heavily on tax increases to rein in their deficits. She cites a few economists, including Scott Sumner, who argue that spending cuts combined with more stimuli from the central bank is the way to go.
There are not many countries around the world that have pursued this route, however. Sweden stands out as one country that has cut spending a bit while enjoying a big monetary stimulus from the Riksbank. By contrast, there are plenty of euro zone countries that are leaning very heavily on cuts — especially Portugal, Greece, and Ireland — and they’re still in trouble.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۵
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۵
در یافتنِ معادل اقتصادیِ عبارت‌های آبی‌رنگ دقّت بفرمایـید.
CORPORATE TAX RATES
American politicians talk a lot about tax reform but do nothing about it, which is a pity, because while Americans have been talking, other countries have been doing. Since the late 1980s, top corporate tax rates around the world have dropped so far that America’s, which was once below the international average, is now well above.
As this has happened, American-based multinational companies have shifted more activity offshore; their foreign employment has steadily risen over the past decade as domestic employment has declined. This is mostly because of the appeal of cheap labour and growing markets in the emerging world, but business groups and many economists think America’s tax rate is also to blame. Liberal analysts blame the tax code for a different reason: it allows multinationals to stash income in foreign havens and indefinitely defer taxes on it, encouraging the outsourcing of jobs.
Barack Obama claims to be ready to do something about it. Calling the present tax code “outdated, unfair, and inefficient”, he proposed on February 22nd to lower the top corporate rate to 28% from 35% (including state and local taxes, it would fall to 32.6% from 39.2%). Previous analysis suggests that such a cut would cost more than $700 billion, or 0.4% of GDP, over the next decade.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۴
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۴
۱۶ اسفند ۹۴
پاراگراف نخست مربوط به هفتۀ گذشته است.
Now anyone who has lived in post-war Britain will observe that there is something familiar about this: rising prices, too low a level of exports, too high a level of imports; surely these are at the heart of our post-war economic problems. If Keynes’s analysis showed us how to prevent unemployment by ensuring that there is enough demand in the economy, why has it not also shown us how to prevent rising prices and balance of payments crises by avoiding too much demand?
Inflation — defined as a sustained increase in the price of goods and services — seems to be inevitable. While rising prices are bad news for consumers inflation can be quite profitable for investors.
Inflation erodes the
value of a nation’s currency. In an inflationary environment, a gallon of
milk that once cost $3 may now cost $4. There are a variety of factors that
influence inflation and arguments about its root cause, but for consumers and
investors, the end result is the same: prices rise. For investors, the key to
making money in an inflationary environment is to hold investments that
increase in value at a rate in excess of the rate of inflation. A number of
investments are historically viewed as hedges against inflation. These include
real estate, gold, oil, and stocks.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۳
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن شمارۀ ۳
یکشنبه، ۹ اسفند ۹۴
لینک دانلود فونت فارسی یونیکد «یاس»
We have seen that if there is too low a level of demand in an economy, the result is unemployment: during the 1920s and 1930s there was too little demand in Britain, and the consequence was prolonged unemployment. But what happens if there is too much demand in an economy? What is the opposite of unemployment? Naturally, Keynes did not devote a great deal of the General Theory to this question, but nevertheless he did answer it quite clearly. What one means by saying that there is too much demand in the economy is, to put it rather loosely, that the economy is already going flat out, with full employment of men and machinery, so that output is at its highest possible level — and that there is then an increase in demand. This increase in demand cannot call forth more output. All it can do is one of two things: either it can pull up the price of the goods and services that are already being produced. Or, in an economy with trades with other countries, it can increase the quantity of goods available — but only by sucking in more imports. In practice, an excessive level of demand will probably result in some of each; there will be some rise in prices, and imports will be higher, and exports lower than they would otherwise have been.
Now anyone who has lived in post-war Britain will observe that there is something familiar about this: rising prices, too low a level of exports, too high a level of imports; surely these are at the heart of our post-war economic problems. If Keynes’s analysis showed us how to prevent unemployment by ensuring that there is enough demand in the economy, why has it not also shown us how to prevent rising prices and balance of payments crises by avoiding too much demand?
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۲
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۲
Unemployment
The unemployment rate tells macroeconomists how many people from the available pool of labour (the labour force) are unable to find work.
Macroeconomists have come to agree that when the economy has witnessed growth from period to period, which is indicated in the GDP growth rate, unemployment levels tend to be low. This is because with rising (real) GDP levels, we know that output is higher, and, hence, more labourers are needed to keep up with the greater levels of production.
Inflation
The third main factor that macroeconomists look at is the inflation rate, or the rate at which prices rise. Inflation is primarily measured in two ways: through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the GDP deflator. The CPI gives the current price of a selected basket of goods and services that is updated periodically. The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP.
If nominal GDP is higher than real GDP, we can assume that the prices of goods and services has been rising. Both the CPI and GDP deflator tend to move in the same direction and differ by less than 1%.
Demand and Disposable Income
What ultimately determines output is demand. Demand comes from consumers (for investment or savings, etc.), from the government (spending on goods and services of federal employees), and from imports and exports.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۱
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن شمارۀ ۱
(یکشنبه ۲۵ بهمن ۹۴)
When the price of a product you want to buy goes up, it affects you. But why does the price go up? Is the demand greater than the supply? In order to answer these questions, we need to turn to macroeconomics.
What Is It?
Macroeconomics is the study of the behavior of the economy as a whole. This is different from microeconomics, which concentrates more on individuals and how they make economic decisions. Needless to say, macroeconomy is very complicated and there are many factors that influence it. These factors are analyzed with various economic indicators that tell us about the overall health of the economy.
Macroeconomists try to forecast economic conditions to help consumers, firms and governments make better decisions.
- Consumers want to know how easy it will be to find work, how much it will cost to buy goods and services in the market, or how much it may cost to borrow money.
- Businesses use macroeconomic analysis to determine whether expanding production will be welcomed by the market. Will consumers have enough money to buy the products, or will the products sit on shelves and collect dust?
- Governments turn to the macroeconomy when budgeting spending, creating taxes, deciding on interest rates and making policy decisions.
Macroeconomic analysis broadly focuses on three things: national output (measured by gross domestic product (GDP)), unemployment and inflation.
National Output: GDP
Output, the most important concept of macroeconomics, refers to the total amount of goods and services a country produces, commonly known as the gross domestic product. The figure is like a snapshot of the economy at a certain point in time.
When referring to GDP, macroeconomists tend to use real GDP, which takes inflation into account, as opposed to nominal GDP, which reflects only changes in prices. The nominal GDP figure will be higher if inflation goes up from year to year, so it is not necessarily indicative of higher output levels, only of higher prices.
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۹
ترجمۀ اقتصادی – متن ۹
۲۷ اردیبهشت ۹۴
The delegation, headed by South African Foreign Minister Mashabane, also constituted 45 senior government officials, including Deputy Trade and Industry Minister Mzwandile Masina, and officials from the departments of trade and industry, energy, treasury, water, science and technology.
ICCIM Chairman Gholamhossein Shafe`i said Iran and South Africa have already signed 90 memorandums of understanding and held 12 joint economic committee meetings.
“While there is good diplomatic relations between the two countries, bilateral economic ties are weak,” Shafe’i said.
Nkoana-Mashabane, for her part, said that trade between the two countries rose 50 percent in the last year, compared to its preceding year.
Trade between Iran and South Africa stood at $49.335 million in the Iranian calendar year 1392 (March 2013-March 2014), according to the Iran Customs Administration.
Sanctions have resulted in a big drop in trade with South African exports to Iran going from around $125 million in 2007 to around $21 million last year.
In a meeting with Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif in Tehran on Sunday, Nkoana-Mashabane said: “We have to do away with obstacles to our joint trade; we need dynamic business interaction between our countries.”
دانشجویان گرامی، لطفاً در صورت تمایل، در نظرسنجی (سمت چپ وبلاگ) شرکت نمایید.