ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۹

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ترجمۀ سیاسی – متن ۹

 

Traditional authoritarian regimes, like the old monarchies of Europe, China, and Japan, made little effort to court popularity. The Italian and German fascist parties which gained political power in the 20^th century, however, were authoritarian groups that made decisive efforts to cultivate mass support. Although they rejected democracy as their goal, they took full advantage of electoral democracy to build a wide constituency prior to taking power.

Mussolini and Hitler were charismatic orators whose speeches transfixed millions. Their parties proved highly effective at organising parades, rallies and other media events to galvanise a mass following.

Though the Italian and German fascist movements started out in the 1920s with a pronounced working‑class orientation, over time they drew support from farmers, the large middle class, and even the wealthiest strata of the society.

Efforts to mobilise the population, both peaceful and violent, became all the more extensive after the conquest of power. Fascist Italy and Germany were mass mobilisation regimes, resolved to enlist maximum popular support and stifle all opposition. Both regimes organised continuous propaganda campaigns designed to stir up popularity, appealing not only to national pride but also to the darkest anxieties, prejudices, and yearnings for vengeance on the part of the Italian and German populations. They also engineered massive employment programmes and other efforts to improve the economic welfare of large elements of the population. Moreover, they did not hesitate to use violence against real or imagined political opponents, with their secret police, concentration camps, and torture chambers.