ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۱

ترجمۀ پیشرفتۀ ۲ – متن شمارۀ ۱

دانشجویان گرامی، متن زیر را در دو نسخه و با رعایت نکات نگارشی و نشانه‌های سجاوندی ترجمه نمایید.

The appropriate definition of “cultural goods” or “artistic goods” is far from obvious. On the one hand, there may be common underlying or interconnecting phenomena that lend themselves to definition of a range of commodities reasonably called “cultural” or “artistic”. On the other hand, not everything can be stuffed into the definition. Some associations have to be left for empirical demonstration and some may simply be fallacious. It may be that common usage is inconsistent, so that no definition can account for all of it, or a definition intended to correspond to common usage might be so broad and consequently so vague as to be useless. A definition must be definite. It seems fair to say that we have no definitions for cultural or artistic goods that are authoritative in either of Malthus’ first two senses, so a definition of these categories of goods will have to be justified by “facilitating the explanation and improvement of the science”.

For the “improvement of the science”, empirical reliability is one important criterion of success, but coherence is also important. Like value, coherence is “not just some vague laudatory term”. A discourse is coherent if it is consistent with (though not necessarily deducible from) a compact set of fundamental propositions. One way to show that a discourse is coherent is to display the set of fundamental propositions and show that other propositions in the discourse are deducible from the fundamental set, with a few auxiliary assumptions that may vary from case to case.

دیگر مطالب سودمندی که توصیه می‌شود در همین وبلاگ مطالعه نمایید.

نکات نگارشی و تایپی – ۲

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